Intersectionality In International Airline -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Intersectionality In International Airline? Answer: Presentation The motivation behind the subject is to examine about the womens advancement in the center and senior administration and the manner in which ladies are experiencing the basic sexual orientation separation while they are introducing them as a pioneer to the association (Lonescu, 2012). It is along these lines, essential to talk about the issue and the significance of this issue is being thought about in this subject. Along these lines, by considering numerous associations, it is essential to examine, the significance of the issue and the means that are being considered with respect to making the upgrades of the ladies in the status of administration. Further in the point, it is talked about whether and how much the issues that are being tended to work and the explanations for being ladies are viewed as dropped out from the advancement level. Proposals are given and in what territories, pioneers must know about to acquire changes this zone (Lonescu, 2012). Characterizing the issue and significance of the issue The working environments in the later 50% of the twentieth century, it is getting populated with the female laborers. In any case, in contrast to the male laborers, the females are not getting enough advancements in the post of senior administration. The fundamental issues behind this issue can be changed. As indicated by the overview led, it is said that ladies are not getting advancement at more elevated level is predominantly because of the inconsistent compensation, sexual orientation segregation and the way toward recruiting. In this way, the issue is of a genuine worry in the associations (Baker, 2014; John, 2013). Authority implies assignment, moving, correspondence, coordinated effort regard the ability to adjust to change and learn. The character of the lady will in general be delicate, having feelings and the ladies will in general be all the more an assistant. In any case, there are instances of ladies who can fit the status of being a legitimate initiative. The development of rivalry in todays present day society is turning out to be extreme step by step (Baker, 2014). It would get ideal to see individuals and backing from business and sustaining the contrasts between the individuals as opposed to compelling them to go along. Constraining the individuals to feel men in the top and ladies to follow the sets of men. There are difficulties to the ladies who are in the authority stage. Other than the sexual orientation segregation in the working environment, the ladies likewise face issues as far as absence of trust in them. As needs be, the general public is likewise missing forward to acknowledge lady as a pioneer in the work environment condition (Center et al., 2017; Rhode, 2016). Against this foundation, it is fairly critical to investigate what gets ladies far from the authority characteristics and this issue ought to be viewed as significant as far as sexual orientation correspondence and checking the attributes of the cutting edge century, where the significance of both the sex must be given significance regarding their work. In this way, the hindrances of ladies in speaking to the post of ranking director must be checked appropriately with the utilization of various approaches and techniques in the association (Center et al., 2017; John, 2013). Issues tending to the issues looked by ladies in authority Ladies has expanded their degree of support at an expert level, yet the advancement to the post of official or senior levels has been dropped by a huge level. In Australia too likewise in different nations, the ladies assuming the job of administration is as yet staying as a significant issue with which it very well may be managed. Against, this foundation, endeavors have been made to address the issue appropriately as far as a changing situation of the business. The issues in regards to the advancement of ladies in the status of an official chief have been tended to through going of Federal Sex Discrimination Act in Australia and activity dependent on insistence (Cook Glass, 2014). This examines about the further advancement of ladies without getting into struggle with the status of male and the demonstrations likewise deal with the equivalent open door for the two people as far as installment and their work (Northhouse, 2015). In the year 2004, simply the working ladies of Australia more than 33% is utilized in the expert and partner level. The establishment of the enactment has made its commitment to an expository based system for the full financial and social interest of ladies in Australia. In Woolworths, The business network has additionally tended to this issue or the difficulties in decent variety around the hindrances who is confronting ladies in the board. The organization has additionally taught distinctive decent variety systems s o as to react to the requirements to control and keep up the field elements dependent fair and square of playing and the procedure of advancement, the way toward caring duties in the life of the ladies (Cook Glass, 2014; Tuminez, Duell Majid, 2012). Various associations in Australia, address the issue of advancement through the execution of taking care of over the study inquiries to the ladies, so as to get answers from them about their advancement in their working environment association. It has been found in West ranchers that out of the overview questions delivered, the association attempted to make strides so as to stop sex separation in their work environment (Latu et al., 2013; John, 2013). Various business pioneers accept that the straightforwardness and meritocracy are being underscored at procedure and strategy level, a level playing field mood would render backing to the vocation of ladies to the senior positions. The pioneers accept that a minimum amount of ladies would naturally happen without interceding, for example, standards and the teaching of qualities that offers help to the decent variety is a more noteworthy approach to move. The people or the legislatures have likewise taken activities to acquire changes this specific region, through the setting of the objectives and shares for ladies for the places of center and senior administration. The achievement accomplished subsequent to tending to the issue With the sanctioning of the enactment and the means taken by association to lessen the sexual orientation segregation in the degree of advancement, it very well may be expressed that, the workforce in the association expanded the assorted variety and that likewise lead to the better exhibitions. In numerous associations of Australia, the decent variety prompts the expansion in better exhibitions (Rosenbach, Taylor Youndt, 2012; John, 2013). Organizations who are having MSCI world file having a more grounded female initiative has created an arrival on value at 10.1% versus to 7.6% for the individuals who are not having female administration. The achievement not accomplished in the wake of tending to the issues Initiative issue is recognized in the expert segments with regards to ladies. In any case, ladies are taken part at the different expert levels while they are as yet confronting issues identified with their position and advancement in the expert divisions. In any case, it has been tended to that as an official administrator ladies face issues in their expert vocation (Pfau-Effinger, 2017). Hence, numerous organizations have developed their methodologies with respect to the ladies specialist to give them comparable open door in their workplace. In spite of theories the ladies are as yet confronting issues as certain procedures of the business association neglect to be succeeded. In any case, in Wesfarmers the organization steps up to the plate and relieve the sexual orientation segregation yet at the same time it has been found in this association (Andall, 2017). Henceforth, the counter segregation with respect to the sexual orientation separation has been fizzled. The helpless arrang ement of the work strategies and the training oppose the association to get accomplishment to actualize the activities to determine the issues identified with the ladies in their advancement. Subsequently, Australian government neglected to take legitimate guideline to save the privilege of the ladies in the working segments, which influence the way toward giving comparative chance to the ladies in their expert profession. Then again, because of essence of negative generalization around the ladies in their expert parts additionally hamper the way toward accomplishing authority or senior official in an association (Ali et al., 2017). There is a major hole in the comprehension of the authoritative culture with respect to the working experience of ladies. The way of life of the association isn't well therefore ladies are opposed to get higher situation in their expert area (Pilcher, 2017). Helpless game plan of the working environment influenced the situation of the ladies and some imp licit standards and guideline go about as the concealed boundaries in the working act of the ladies. Be that as it may, due such boundaries the practices in the business association are to give the ladies comparable open door is influenced and fizzled (Mills, 2017). Suggestions to determine the issues Foundation of the sex correspondence is the essential practice to give comparable chance to the ladies in the work environment. In any case, sexual orientation separation is the primary explanation that opposes the ladies to get higher situation in the expert divisions. As indicated by Johnson, (2017), it is significant for the association to diminish the sexual orientation separation in the work environment. In this way, it will be useful for the ladies to get advancement in the senior situation in their expert vocation. Improvement of the correct hierarchical culture will be advantageous for the ladies to get advancement their expert profession. Be that as it may, great working society will offer chance to the ladies to upgrade their profession. Notwithstanding, positive working society triggers the correspondence in the working spot and decreases imbalances. Foundation of the social decent variety will be useful keep the privileges of the ladies have a place from various social foundations. This social assorted variety will be successful to upgrade the vocation of the ladies in the expert area. Directors of the association should mindful to the female laborers. They have to direct a gathering and make an understood correspondence with the female specialists

Leadership development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Authority improvement - Case Study Example Both the medication organization has a similar crucial well as enthusiasm of improving wellbeing over the globe and has a responsibility towards the clients in putting them first and being there in quite a while of the need. Hence the case means to examine a portion of the inquiries according to vital administration, social and transformational authority alongside the administrative jobs and initiative attributes as for Merck’s organization. As per Lussier and Achua, â€Å"Strategic the board is the arrangement of choices and activities used to detail and actualize explicit systems that will accomplish a seriously predominant fit between the association and its condition, to accomplish authoritative goals† (Lussier and Achua, 2007, p. 444). Frazier who was delegated as the CEO and leader of Merck’s after the retirement of Richard T. Clark in 2011. Frazier has filled in as an official VP and president for Global Human wellbeing from the year 2007 to 2010. He is the main African-American who was designated as the CEO of Merck. Vital initiative alludes to the capacity to anticipate, foresee and keep up adaptability and engage different individuals to make about a change as and when important for the association (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2010, p. 352). From the contextual investigation it very well may be expressed that the CEO, Mr. Frazier has adequately completed the essential duty of compelling key pioneer as the obligation basically lay on the top level administration predominantly by the CEO and Mr. Frazier has end up being compelling key pioneer by helping the organization to make the basic beliefs alongside reason and vision and furthermore, the CEO had the option to interpret the reason, vision and the gu iding principle into the choice of the business. Ken Frazier had the vital vision, enthusiasm and experience to lead the organization and has assumed a significant job in molding the business

Can Marriage Be Saved Essay Example for Free

Would marriage be able to Be Saved Essay Would marriage be able to Be Saved? Composed by: Frank Furstenberg Summer 2005 I picked the article â€Å"Can Marriage Be Saved? † composed by Frank Furstenberg. This article was found under the â€Å"topics for course papers† segment of our schedule, connect number four. I felt that the article was a lot of consistent with life. I concur that marriage appears to endure forever for the more instructed and well off. I see very frequently youthful grown-ups getting hitched in light of the fact that they have gotten pregnant or for an inappropriate reasons. This hypothesis once in a while appears to work. This generally messes up the youthful family in light of the fact that neither one of the persons is prepared to take on the significant duty that having a family at such a youthful age brings. This relates near my life since I was hitched and had my first kid at 16 years old. With the absence of instruction and work experience that I had, it made it practically difficult to help and accommodate my kid. Obviously, I ended up separated and a multi year old single parent a half year later. The battles of being hitched without instruction or a vocation are a gigantic strain on a relationship. It is practically unfathomable to have the thought, 1960’s, kind of way of life nowadays. It was exceptionally regular for the lady to be the homemaker and the guardian for the kids during this time while the man worked and accommodated his family. Presently, it is nearly constrained upon most families to have a working class way of life or above so as to carry on with an agreeable life. With this being stated, it is significant for the two gatherings of the union with get an advanced education and to work all day. Adding a youngster to the blend of working, school and attempting to see time as a parent can be a catastrophe. No big surprise most relationships end nearly when they start. I accept the most ideal way we can change these old propensities is to set better models for our youngsters and impart high qualities in them to get a higher education and ensure they have a solid vocation way before handling the test of marriage and having a family. I accept marriage has an a lot higher possibility of progress in the event that you have your instruction and profession all together first. When you have a decent equalization of qualities throughout your life, at that point you ought to think about marriage and a family.

Drought Causes, Stages, and Problems

Dry season Causes, Stages, and Problems Consistently as summer draws near, regions around the globe develop worried about regular dry spell. All through the winter, numerous spots screen precipitation and the snowpack to get ready for what the hotter, drier months may bring. What's more, there are zones where dry spell is a customary year to year event that keeps going longer than simply the late spring. From hot deserts to the freezing shafts, dry season is something that influences plants, creatures, and individuals around the world. What Is a Drought? Dry season is characterized as a period where a district has a deficiency in its water flexibly. Dry spell is an ordinary component of atmosphere which occurs in all atmosphere zones every once in a while. Ordinarily, dry season is discussed in one of two points of view meteorological and hydrological. A dry spell regarding meteorology considers inadequacies in estimated precipitation. Every year estimations are then contrasted with what is resolved as an ordinary measure of precipitation and dry season is resolved from that point. For hydrologists, dry spells are observed by checking stream and lake, store, and spring water levels. Precipitation is additionally thought to be here as it adds to the water levels. Furthermore, there are agrarian dry seasons that can affect crop creation and cause changes to the normal appropriation of different species. The homesteads themselves can likewise make dry spells occur as the dirt is exhausted and in this manner can't assimilate as much water, however they can be affected by characteristic dry spells also. Causes Since dry spell is characterized as a shortfall in water flexibly, it tends to be brought about by various elements. The most significant one however identifies with the measure of water fume in the climate as this is the thing that makes precipitation. More downpour, slush, hail, and snow can happen where there are clammy, low-pressure air frameworks. On the off chance that there is a better than expected nearness of dry, high-pressure air frameworks rather, less dampness is accessible to deliver precipitation (on the grounds that these frameworks can't hold as much water fume). This outcomes in a shortfall of water for the zones over which they move. The equivalent can likewise happen when winds move air masses and warm, dry, mainland air moves over a region rather than cooler, clammy, maritime air masses. El Nino, which influences the seas water temperature, likewise affects precipitation levels in light of the fact that, in years when the temperature cycle is available, it can move the air masses over the sea, frequently making wet spots (dry season inclined) and dry spots wet. At last, deforestation for agribusiness and additionally fabricating joined with the resultant disintegration can likewise make dry season start in light of the fact that as the dirt is moved away from a region it is less ready to retain dampness when it falls. Phases of Drought Since numerous territories, paying little heed to their climatic area, are inclined to dry spell, various meanings of the phases of dry season have created. They are altogether to some degree comparable, be that as it may, normally extending from a dry season cautioning or watch, which is the least extreme. This stage is announced when a dry season could be drawing closer. The following stages are for the most part called dry season crisis, debacle, or basic dry season stage. This last stage starts after a dry season has happened for an extensive stretch and water sources start to be drained. During this stage, open water use is restricted and as a rule dry spell calamity plans are established. Short and Long Term Consequences Notwithstanding a dry spells stage, there are short and long haul outcomes with any dry season as a result of nature and societys reliance on water. Issues related with dry season can have financial, natural, and social effects on both the zones where they happen and regions that have relations with those where the dry season occurs. The vast majority of the monetary effects of dry spell are related with agribusiness and the salary created from crops. In the midst of dry spell, the absence of water can regularly cause a decrease in crop yields, and in this manner a decrease in salary for ranchers and an expansion in the market cost of items since there is less to go around. In a drawn out dry spell, joblessness of ranchers and even retailers can happen, significantly affecting the economy of the zone and those with monetary connections to it. As far as ecological issues, dry spell can bring about creepy crawly invasions and plant ailments, expanded disintegration, natural surroundings and scene debasement, an abatement in air quality and that of what water is available, just as an expanded danger of fire as a result of drier vegetation. In momentary dry spells, regular habitats can frequently bounce back, however when there are long haul dry seasons, plant and creature species can endure massively, and after some time desertification can occur with an outrageous absence of dampness. At last, dry seasons have social effects that can cause debates between clients of accessible water, imbalances in water conveyance among affluent and poor, variations in zones needing catastrophe alleviation, and a decrease in wellbeing. What's more, in country creating nations populace movement can start when one zone encounters dry season in light of the fact that frequently individuals will go to territories where water and its advantages are increasingly pervasive. This at that point drains the regular assets of the new region, can make clashes among neighboring populaces and removes laborers from the first territory. After some time, expanded destitution and social agitation are probably going to create. Dry spell Mitigation Measures Since extreme dry spell is frequently delayed in its turn of events, it is moderately simple to tell when one is coming and in regions that are able, there are a few alleviation gauges that can be utilized to diminish the effects felt by dry season. The most significant strides in diminishing the impacts of dry spell however are soil and water protection. By securing soil, it is better ready to ingest precipitation, yet it can likewise assist ranchers with using less water since it is consumed and not as much run off. It likewise makes less water contamination by the pesticides and manures present in most ranch overflow. In water preservation, open use is regularly managed. This for the most part incorporates watering yards, washing vehicles and open air apparatuses, for example, porch tables, and pools. Urban areas, for example, Phoenix, Arizona, and Las Vegas, Nevada have additionally executed the utilization of xeriscape arranging to lessen the need to water open air plants in dry conditions. Moreover, Water preservation gadgets like low-stream toilets, shower heads, and clothes washers can be required for use inside the home. At last, desalination of seawater, water reusing, and water reaping are everything that are as of now a work in progress to expand on existing water supplies and further decrease the effects of dry spell in dry atmospheres. Whatever strategy is utilized, be that as it may, broad checking of precipitation and water utilization are the most ideal approach to get ready for a dry spell, educate people in general on the issue, and actualize preservation procedures.

A Critical examination of leaders create organizational culture

A Critical assessment of pioneers make authoritative culture Presentation In region of Management and initiative, one of the most pivotal and viable components that decide the presentation and position of an association in open segment is the hierarchical culture. Authoritative culture has been read widely for as far back as at least 30 years (Schein E. H., 1985). Heaps of books have been composed and much research has been done about it, and furthermore wide scope of words applied to depict this idea. Albeit very different definitions have been introduced on this catchphrase, the greater part of them place their accentuation on basic key angles. Three far reaching definitions have been accumulated in table underneath: Meanings of authoritative culture The example of shared convictions and qualities that give individuals from a foundation meaning and furnish them with the standards for conduct in their associations. (Davis, 1984, p. 1). The arrangement of significant understandings (frequently implicit) that individuals from a network share in like manner. (Sathe, 1985, p. 6) A lot of understandings or implications shared by a gathering of individuals. The implications are to a great extent implicit among the individuals, are obviously applicable to a specific gathering and are particular to the gathering (Louis, 1985, p. 74) As per these definitions, two highlights of hierarchical culture appear to be bolder; first shared implications and qualities among association individuals and second presenting clear guidelines and practices in association. Albeit, some contends that culture can't be overseen (Rabin, T Wachhaus. A, 2008, p. 1) , a relationship among's way of life and administration has been distinguished (Frontiera, 2010). Schein declared this reality in his popular book-Organizational culture and administration (2004): Culture is a unique wonder that encompasses us consistently, being continually established and made by our responses with others and formed by initiative conduct. In this way, considerations have been paid to culture intending to oversee and improve it so as to accomplish characterized objectives. Pioneers as people who have significant job in improving execution thought that it was fundamental in authoritative talk. Schein presented the common connection and impact among authority and culture by the term entwined (1992) .While culture can be influenced by different variables, Senge called attention to that pioneers have the most effect on hierarchical culture (2002, p. 24) : Building an associations culture and molding its advancement is the exceptional and basic capacity of authority In this paper the emphasis is because of administration on hierarchical culture to inspect to what degree the view that pioneers make authoritative culture is valid. The methodology that has been applied in this paper is examining the ways and channels through which pioneer makes and influences the way of life of association. Four significant states have been concentrated around there; model pioneer, specialist pioneer, administering pioneer, and execution evolving. Additionally, different variables that make culture have been examined and the impact of culture on authority has been dissected. The end shows the roundabout job of pioneer in making society with the exception of through getting model. Moreover, different elements have conclusive job in forming society. Prior to the beginning of this investigation, freeing the idea from administration is required. What is administration? Who is a pioneer? The idea of administration has been characterized in different manners. Some expressed it as a procedure, for example Northouse accept that it is a procedure whereby an individual impacts a gathering of people to accomplish a shared objective (2007, p. 3). Additionally, Stogdill broke down it as affecting the exercises of a sorted out gathering in its endeavors toward objective defining and objective accomplishment (1974). By these two sorts of definitions, pioneer can be known as an individual who decides, sets bearings, gets things going and frequently He is conspicuous at the highest point of association. Pioneer does this procedure by applying their initiative information and aptitudes. (Jago, 1982) Consequently pioneer is put at top of association and explains methodologies and bearings, effectsly affects the way of life of associations. In following next parts a few different ways by which pioneer influences culture have been analyzed. Pioneer; as a model In an association the administration and the practices of pioneer become a perfect example for supporters, and a surge of hierarchical deportment would spill out of top (pioneer) to down (devotees). This case regularly occurs in transformational sort of initiative in which pioneer has appealling highlights (Harms, p Crede, M, 2010). Bass and Avolio portrayed transformational pioneer as ready to propel others to accomplish more than they initially proposed and frequently more than they suspected conceivable (1993). As the hierarchical culture is made of practices and habits, alluring pioneer develops a specific technique for comportment in atmosphere. Culture of an association comprises of various zones; intensity, social obligation, development, security, execution direction, and steadiness. Along these lines, the way of pioneer influences each zone of authoritative culture and this top-down impact can prompt confirmed or mortal results in execution (Sarros, J. Dim, J and Densten, I, 2002). By method of representation, this can be concentrated in domain of Innovation and change; Fishman and Kavanaugh guaranteed that the way of life of an association and how individuals react to change and development is formed considerably by the practices of the pioneer (1989). Smith uncovered that pioneers practices can be trailed by workers (2010); Pioneers are the good examples and when they walk the discussion sufficiently long, decently soon these qualities become standard technique. Pioneers are loaned pivotal and unequivocal situation by which they impact the way of life of association through driving inspiration, participation and demeanor of devotees in hierarchical activity. This can be found in Amabile recommendation (1998): By impacting the idea of the workplace and authoritative culture, pioneers can influence hierarchical individuals disposition to business related change and inspiration. Schein accepted culture starts from pioneers who force their own qualities and suspicions on a gathering (2004, p. 2). Pioneer as a ruler Pioneers externalize their own suppositions and install them into structures, strategic, and working strategies slowly and reliably (Schein E. H., 2004, p. 406). In one hand, a pioneer settle on choices and decide rules, and in the other hand authoritative culture is depicted as a lot of structures, schedules, decides and standards that direct the compel conduct (Schein E. H., Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2004). Along these lines, administration controls authoritative culture through decision in association. Dull mirrored this reality in the other manner (2010): Open segment pioneers endeavor to develop authoritative culture as a methods for controlling managerial conduct and building hierarchical ability, characterized as the aptitude and ability to achieve vital undertakings Here the way of life portrayed as an instrument for improving techniques to encourage accomplishing objective. This case can be inspected when pioneer feels secure with a needful advancement in association. For advancing change, close to different necessities, pioneer needs to give a firm ground to executing advancement; this ground is formal methodology and activities. As Armenakis et al. guaranteed pioneers can change formal structures, methods, and human asset the board rehearses (1999). Along these lines, pioneer starts change and explains direction of association; he shows up to modify continues for arriving at closes. Actually, changing methods deciphered as evolving society. Pioneer as tactician Stewart proclaimed that the technique of an association gives it character dependent on its capacities, Also it explains what an association is and what it is doing (2004). Technique structures culture of through featuring assignments, headings, positions and practices . The change the executives technique or approach chose by pioneers will bring about movements in hierarchical culture. (Kavanagh, H Ashkanasy, N, 2006) By understanding the significance of system and its connection with culture, pioneer enters this connection and impact culture in two different ways; first remaining among technique and culture, second utilize the methodology as an instrument for changing society. Fernandez and Rainey deciphered system as a strategy for executing changes (2006). In spite of technique assumes a pivotal job in association, this is the job of pioneer to make an interpretation of it into a course of activities. Goldsmith discloses to (CEO) how pioneers are expected to impart and execute an association s methodology. (2009) At the point when pioneers and their official groups play a functioning job in executing techniques, this is a pledge to guarantee the thoughts or systems become some portion of the association. Adroit pioneers understand that for procedures to be effectively coordinated into their associations, they should adjust, measure, market and bundle the methodology to their business, clients and venture network as they would with any showcasing effort. While system presents heading of an association, it is simply on the paper. The best-arranged methodology is close to unrealistic reasoning on the off chance that it can't be made an interpretation of from idea to the real world (Hsieh, T and Yik, S, 2005) .Here it is pioneer who deciphers it from language of paper to a course of activities. Speculand has considered the definitive job of authority and set his extraordinary accentuation on pioneers in progress and disappointment of executing systems (2009). In this way, pioneer as a middle deciphers methodology into association system, job, and conviction. This activity shapes the way of life; around there culture is set of practices and methodology that are characterized by system. In this procedure head infuses methodology into the group of association. Actually, pioneer makes methodology possible, and simultaneously frames culture. In any case, it is no

Double legacy

Double legacy Since Ben already spilled the beans, Ill confirm that, yes, Adam and I are engaged, and were planning to be married in September or October of next year. (Were hoping to have our reception at the Museum of Science because what better place is there for two MIT grads to have their reception?) We bought the ring together last week, so I wasnt entirely surprised today, but he did take me to Killian Court after lunch and say some really mushy things and ask me to marry him. And I said yes! And my ring is unbelievably sparkly and gorgeous! Im going to write some stuff about how we met and got together later, but right now were going out to dinner to celebrate. :) MIT doesnt consider legacy status in admissions legacy kids arent at an advantage compared to the rest of the pool. So basically, all you admissions poohbahs, Im giving you until 2029 (2006 plus 5 years when Im done with grad school plus 18) to change the policy. :-P (For Karen, below: A legacy is an applicant whose parent(s) attended the school. Some schools give preference to legacy applicants; MIT doesnt.) MIT romance I met Adam in September of my sophomore year at a party at Baker, but I wasnt really aware of his existence until IAP of that year, when he told our friend Carl 07 (whos going to be an usher!) that he had a crush on me. Being a boy, Carl promptly began promoting Adam to me in the most unsubtle way possible, and being a girl, I was totally uninterested. In March of my sophomore year, Adam and I went to another party at Baker, where we consumed some ethanol and flirted with each other. I kissed him on the cheek, and after we came home he wrote me an IM telling me that he liked me. (Cheesy.) A few weeks later, a bunch of people were sitting in my room gabbing on a Friday night, including Carl. Adam came upstairs to A-Entry to talk to Carl, and since Carl was in my room, Adam joined the conversation. One by one, everybody in my room left except for Adam, and we stayed up all night talking to each other. The next night, there was a party in D-Entry, and Adam kissed me. And we really havent been apart since. After he proposed in Killian, I got to thinking I wouldnt even know him if I hadnt come to MIT. Kind of weird, to think of the different life I could be leading. Eeee, were getting married!

Frisk and Arrest (Essay) - 275 Words

Frisk and Arrest (Essay Sample) Content: NameTutorCourseDateFrisk and Arrest Frisk and arrest are some of the most controversial procedures done by police. A frisk is considered a search because it is a physical contact by the officer on an individual in order to detect concealed items by sense of touch on the individuals body.An arrest is considered a seizure as it deprives an individual of their liberty and it is accompanied by a demonstration of authority from police officer who may apply force. The officer intentionally holds the individual in order to detain them. The constitution of the Fourth Amendment to the United States prohibits unreasonable searches and states that issuance of warrant of arrest should have a supporting probable cause and its sanction should be done judicially. Reasonable simply means having more than just suspicion and it should be based on articulate facts (Davies, 56). Absolute reliance on this reasonableness by the law can sometimes be misused if the reasonable suspicion is no t based on articulate or specific facts. It can also become a problem if the officer bases their suspicion on their mere hunch, for crime prevention or to protect themselves. Owing to their experience, police officers are better placed to interpret circumstances around complex criminal activities as compared to an average individual. Anyone who is aware of this becomes very conscious of their actions when they come into contact with the police officer to avoid arrest (Levy 34-36). Obtaining a warrant enables the prosecutor or the officer compiling an affidavit to hold more discussions that come in handy in preparing a careful statement of probable cause. It also allows the magistrate to check through the informat...

Quality And Profitability Of A Manager - 851 Words

Throughout my years of professional experience, I have served in many capacities. More than others, I have served in some type of leadership/managerial role; rather it being running a non-profit or managing a restaurant in my past roles to heading special projects and teams in my current role. Over the past 4 years, I have been able to develop not only myself to breakthrough results but also create and implement projects that have consistently increased production in the team by more than 40%. Management â€Å"Management is about coping with complexity†¦. Good management brings a degree of order and consistency to key dimensions like the quality and profitability of products.† (Kotter 1990). As a manager, I was very operational and direct. I was responsible for maintaining daily sales goals and ensuring the customer satisfaction was as close to 100% as possible. I was the type of manager who made sure that everyone won and had fun while doing it. I let people know where they lacked and came up with game plans with them to improve on those areas. One of the challenges that I faced when I was promoted as a manager was setting clear boundaries with my employees. I never viewed my employees as people under me so when I had to have those hard conversations it was hard for them to cope with what I was saying because of how positive and motivating I always was. My assessment indicates that I am an â€Å"iD† style of management. Some of the advantages is that I enjoy are developingShow MoreRelatedStrategic Planning : Mission Statement And Goals901 Words   |  4 Pagesto spend time, human capital, and money. There are several steps organizations should follow in the strategic planning process. The strategic planning process begins with the construction of a mission statement and goals. 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To be traced to a cost object, such as a product, the cost must be caused by the cost object. IndirectRead MoreManagement Accounting : The Process Of Producing Management1667 Words   |  7 PagesManagement accounting is the process of producing management reports and accounts which provide accurate and timely information for the use of internal parties within an organisation, such as departmental managers or chief executive officers. The information collected and produced include financial aspects such as amount of cash in hand, capital, liabilities, recent sales revenues, cost of production and also non-financial aspects such as employee’s performances or efficiency of production. In thisRead MoreThe Impact of Training and Development on Employee Performance and Organizational Growth1454 Words   |  6 Pagesstaff to enable them work towards taking the organization to its expected destination. 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However, for the training function to take effect, the training plan and policies must be in line with the organization’s strategicRead MoreUse and Importantance of Financial and Non-Financial Performance1157 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle to explore the use and degree of importance that managers affiliated many types of performance indicators which are in the MBS’s program agreement. It is divided into two main categories which is financial indicators and non-financial indicators. The category under financial indicators includes unit cost of output type (cost per identity card), cost reduction type (to achieve certain percent savings in operational costs), and profitability type (Return on Capital Employed - ROCE). Whereas, categoryRead MoreStrategies For Achieving Global Competitive Advantage1475 Words   |  6 Pagesin a more desirable fashion for customers. These conditions permit the entity to generate more sales or greater margins than its competition. The compet itive advantages are ascribed to an assortment of variables, including brand, cost structure, quality of product, distribution network, and customer support. But the main two basics for achieving competitive advantage are cost advantage and differentiation advantage. Samsung is one of the fastest growing brands. The Samsung group wasRead MoreEssay on Types Of Research1400 Words   |  6 Pageseveryday. Research is used in the many different situations managers encounter everyday. Research is part of the problem-solving manager do to make decisions. Research is defined as â€Å"the process of finding solutions to problem after thorough study and analysis of the situational factor† (Sekaran, p3, 2003). Managers use research for daily operational problem as well as bigger problems that can require hired research consultants. Managers who use research are able to communicate with the hired consultants

Nature Vs Nurture Debate - 1291 Words

How is the nature vs nurture debate related to a consideration of the mental disorder, schizophrenia? INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is categorized by thoughts or experiences that seem abnormal with reality, disorganized speech or behaviour and decreased participation in regular daily activities. Difficulty with memory and concentration are sometimes also present. The two hit hypothesis generally refers to a genetic vulnerability, which is known as the first hit, triggered by something in the environment, which is known as the second hit The first hit is proposed to involve disruption of some sort of brain mechanism that is susceptible to numerous genetic and environmental agitations, and capable of producing long-term significant changes.†¦show more content†¦Procedure: The procedure was a case study, and the researcher interviewed two brothers, which are both diagnosed with the mental disorder, schizophrenia. While being interviewed, they spoke about their past experiences during their childhood, and how their mother had the carrier gene, which one twin inherited. Conclusions / Results: Conclusions suggest that the nature vs nurture dichotomy may not be as relevant as looking at the interaction between these two forces. It was discovered that while one’s genetic heritage creates a predisposition towards schizophrenia, other factors such as the home environment, the parental environment, dietary factors and others may determine whether the disease is manifested. Source 2: Schizophrenia as a complex trait Sullivan, P.F, Kendler, K.S, Neale, M.C. (2003) Schizophrenia as a complex trait. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60, 1187-1192. Aim: To calculate meta-analytic estimates of heritability in liability and shared an individual – specific environmental effects from the pooled twin data. Procedure: To identify all relevant primary studies, computerized PubMed searches for an inclusive list of descriptors were performed and searched the reference lists of prior reviews of schizophrenia to identify any reports not retrieved in the PubMed search. 14 published studies were identified of schizophrenia from independent samples in 6 European countries, Japan andShow MoreRelatedNature Vs. Nurture Debate1427 Words   |  6 Pagesparents use authoritarian methods and punishment.† The nature Vs nurture debate has been around since 1690 created by the philosopher John Locke who believed we as humans do not have natural, inborn ideas; that our minds are a blank page, upon which experience shall write. Nurture is everything and nature is simply nothing. â€Å"Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factorsRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate878 Wo rds   |  4 Pagespersonalities and traits produced by genetics or shaped by the environment? Or, is there a relationship between nature and nurture with regards to child development? The debate continues. While some believe â€Å"nature and nurture work together, others believe they are separate and opposing influences† (McDevitt, 2010). Nature vs Nurture In regards to the nature vs. nurture debate, â€Å"this debate is a major issue in many social science disciplines and is concerned with the influence that biology, geneticsRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Debate1343 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial to psychologist since the phrase was created in 1869 is â€Å"Nature vs Nurture†. Although the debate was started well before then, 1869 was the first time it was tied to the debate. The nature vs nurture debate is over whether you get your behavior from genetics, what you inherited from your biological parents, or if they are learned characteristics, what you learn from the environment and what you get taught. The debate can be traced back to early western philosophy and is still relevantRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate1332 Words   |  6 PagesNature vs Nurture debate is one of the oldest arguments in the history of psychology. The debate is about to know if our personality and talents come from our parent or environment? The coding of genes in each cell in humans determine the different traits that we have, more physical attributes dominance like ear size, eye colour, , height, hair colour and other traits. However, it is still not known whether the more abstract attributes like, intelligence, sexual orientation, personality, preferencesRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate1863 Words   |  8 PagesNature vs. Nurture Albert Camus once said, â€Å"Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is.† But what makes man what he is? Is it his sheer genetic makeup, or is it the way he was raised? The nature vs. nurture debate has raged on for centuries, but neither side has been able to prove their point indefinitely. Even today we see displays of the contrast between genetics and learned behaviors, in athletics, in intelligence, in behavior, in medical history, and in work ethic. Each personRead MoreThe Debate On Nature Vs Nurture Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesdubious history of the debate on nature vs nurture continues to be a controversy, more and more psychologists start to rise from both sides of the argument. The earliest evidence can be traced back to the time of John Locke, who believes that our minds are blank slates and only experience can write override it. Despite the main focus of the issue being how environment transact to influence development, psychologists today cont inue to argue on the issue of nature vs nurture. Intelligence is more ofRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate2114 Words   |  9 PagesNature vs. Nurture Albert Camus once said, â€Å"Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is.† But what makes man what he is? Is it his sheer genetic makeup, or is it the way he was raised? The nature vs. nurture debate has raged on for centuries, but neither side has been able to prove their point indefinitely. Even today we see displays of the contrast between genetics and learned behaviors, some of which are athletics, intelligence, medical histories, etc. Every person is completelyRead MoreThe Nature Vs. Nurture Debate2673 Words   |  11 Pagesamount of social interaction is going to have a positive benefit, for young kids or any age. One of the most famous debates in Psychology is the Nature vs. Nurture debate, which has been going on since the time of Aristotle. The aspect within this debate comes to the question of; did the aspects of our behavior become because we inherited our characteristics from our parents know as the Nature? The other question leads up to our behavi or of; did we get our characteristics from what we learned from theRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : The Debate Of Nature Versus Nurture895 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs. Nurture The debate of nature versus nurture has been an ongoing debate for a long time. When applying this argument to education there is no proven winner. The nature side of the coin believes that a person is born the way that they are. This could include intelligence level or personality traits such as being outgoing or shy. The other side of the argument of nurture believes that the type of upbringing that someone has will play a large role in the way they develop. It is thoughtRead MoreThe Debate Of Nature Vs Nurture1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe ongoing debate of Nature vs Nurture is one of the oldest philosophical issues. The nature theory argues that all genes, and hereditary factors, influences an individual in terms of their physical appearance to their personality characteristics (Cherry, 2017). Conversely, the nurture theory argues that all environmental variables impact who individuals are, including early childhood experiences, how individuals were raised, social relations hips, and surrounding culture (Cherry, 2017). However

A New Age Of Post Modernity Essay - 1582 Words

Modernity Describe the main features of the shift from modernity to postmodernity Post modernity or post modernism as coined during the counter culture era of the 1960s and 70s has been highly contestant, ever since it was first used describe the death of modern architecture and art during the same period. It is this debate of being in a state of modernity or post modernity that will lead me to describe the shifts in cultural, economic and political views and values that demonstrates a shift in values from modern to post modern views sociy. This shift to post modernity has been highly influenced through the works of postmodern artists and architects and academics such as Focult (Venn, C., Featherstone, M. 2006), Burroughs, Barthelme, Rauschenberg and Cage (Clarke, S. 2006), who all describe modernity being an exhausted idea, due to the shift of values changing society to a period of post modernity. In this essay I will argue that we are now living in a new age of post modernity by describing and explaining the transition of modernity to post modernity by analysing the social dimensions that modernity has shifted from to postmodernity. I will also look at the main features of both modernity and postmodernity and explore their features to draw the conclusion that postmodernity is not a new era but a new social movement of different views and perspectives. The shifts modernity to post modernityShow MoreRelatedSocial Change and then Post Modernity1090 Words   |  4 PagesPost modernity was the successor of modernity in the time line of social change. It celebrates diversity and focuses thoroughly on the importance of the unconscious and puts emphasis on the free. It is an anything goes theory, full of new age beliefs and decisions. There is no consensus regarding when exactly postmodernity started, what it actually is, or whether it even exists. The term postmodern is irrational: modern means now, present, and up-to-date. Whereas postmodern means nothing but futureRead MoreAsses to the Extent in Which Soceity Has Entered a Period of Modernity1283 Words   |  6 PagesThese sociologists being postmodernists. Until recent years society is said to have been in a state of Modernity (is that right..?) and postmodernists have argued we have entered into a stage of Post Modernity. This change in society could be seen as easily noticed by the changed through different changes within society, for example the change from Industrialisation to Globalisation. Modernity focuses greatly on the difference in class being an important factor in a modernist society, where as aRead MoreWomen s Impact On Women During The Sun s Never Leave Yourself By Eileen P. Anderson1624 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout time, women have endured many things. In Never Leave Yourself by Eileen P. Anderson-Fye and Reinterpreting the Labor Mobility of Rural Young Women in post-Mao China by Yan Hairong, women have had to change during times of modernity; different ideas have become salient in the minds of these women due to the forces of modernity and globalization. An idea or sense of liberation is apparent in both of these articles. Belizean women have managed to succeed on what they perceive as liberation;Read MoreEvaluate Postmodernist Explanations of the Role and Functions of Religion in Contemporary Society.1606 Words   |  7 Pagesreligion emphasises the key point that religious truth is highly individualistic, subjective and resides within the individual. Science technology and efficiency would overcome many social problems. The collapse of the ‘grand-narrative’ is part of post-modernism as it is a belief system that claims universal authority, religion; science and philosophies are examples of these. They have a superior status over other belief systems and also claimed they could explain the causes of society’s problemsRead MoreSummary Of Wole Soyinkas The Lion And The Jewel1617 Words   |  7 PagesFor my final paper I chose the works of Wole Soyinka and his play The Lion and the Jewel. Throughout this play there is a constant battle between tradition and modernity as well as a post-colonial struggle seen both in a exhibited in the plays village of Ilujinle. Soyinka published this play at the time Nigeria was battling for independence an d freedom under the British control around the 1940’s and 1950’s. Due to this, Nigeria was struggling with whether or not it was prepared for independenceRead MoreHow the Social Importance of Religion Has Receded with Modernity1617 Words   |  7 PagesReligion has always been of high social importance and influence within civilization and their society. This essay will argue that as modernity has progressed the social importance of religion has receded, but the gradient of this recession and by how much varies upon the society. Modernity typically refers to a â€Å"post-medieval historical period, one marked by the move from feudalism toward capitalism, industrialization, secularization, rationalization, the nation-state and its constituent institutions†Read MoreThe Role Of Role During The Middle Eastern Modernity953 Words   |  4 PagesEuropeans in Middle Eastern Modernity The term modernity is widely used to refer to various changes in cultural and social norms that occurred in post-medieval Europe. The concept includes different but interrelated historical and cultural events that impacted politics, human culture, and social institutions. In simple words, modernity can be referred to as the aspect of being up to date, usually characterized by a contemporary way of thinking or living. The onset of modernity in any society is oftenRead MoreFamily And Its Impact On Society826 Words   |  4 PagesThe meaning of family and understanding the term family and its importance to life had survived some remarkable changes (Ketzer barbagli, 2003). With the rise of modernity, rapid changes have been seen in many aspects of social life, which have altered the roles and functions of the family. For us to understand the impact modernity had on family we must know the transformation from old-fashioned families to modern day. The word family is perhaps the most vital network in human society. As kidsRead MoreModernity And Technology922 Words   |  4 PagesThis is the digital age. Nearly everything that an individual encounters in life has some sort of attachment to technology. Interestingly enough, technology is defined as, â€Å"a manner of accomplishing a task especially using  technical  processes, methods, or knowledge,† (Merriam Webster). This attributes a task being complete via an advanced method of methodology. With that in mind, this concept of technology could be referred to as being relative to a particular time space. Therefore, this paper refersRead More Are We in a Post-Modern Age? Essay example2828 Words   |  12 PagesThis paper answers the question: Are We in a Post-Modern Age? Post-Modernism can be described as a particular style of thought. It is a concept that correlates the emergence of new features and types of social life and economic order in a culture; often called modernization, post-industrial, consumer, media, or multinational capitalistic societies. In Modernity, we have the sense or idea that the present is discontinuous with the past, that through a process of social, technological, and

Casualties Of War By Ambrose Bierce - 1097 Words

Matthew Bronson English 1102 Dr. Allen 13 July 2016 Casualties of War Ambrose Bierce is noted as a literary genius for his short stories on the civil war. His military experience during the Civil War allowed him to write some of his most memorable short stories. He is most noted for his story, â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge.† It is a story of a man’s last thoughts before being hanged. The story tells about a man, Peyton Farquhar, who was deceived and is condemned to death for doing what he thought would be helping the Confederate Army. In the moment before Farquhar’s death, Bierce paints the reader a colorful description of what goes through Farquhar’s mind. Through what he saw and experienced in the Civil War along with his†¦show more content†¦According to Napier Wilt, â€Å"Following Shiloh [Bierce’s] regiment took part in the siege of Corinth and after the evacuation of the city, was engaged in guarding a repairing the railroads in the vicinity† (Wilt, 262). Bierce , being a part of railroad construction knew exactly how to describe it. He uses his skill learned as a journalist and his experience in the war to paint a clear picture of the railroad bridge and how Farquhar is bound. His use of imagery not only allows the readers to visualize the people but the scenery as well. Bierce describes how Farquhar feels after his escape in great detail. After Farquhar falls through the bridge Bierce states, â€Å"These pains appeared to flash along well-defined lines of ramification, and to beat with an inconceivably rapid periodicity. They seemed like streams of pulsating fire heating him to an intolerable temperature† (554). The way he describes the pain lets the reader know the pain Farquhar is feeling is intense and throbbing. Wilt writes, â€Å"Bierce enlisted as a private in Company C, Ninth Indiana Infantry in 1861, where he served until 1865† (Wilt, 261). During this period, he was involved in some of the bloodiest battles during the Civil War. Being a firsthand witness to the carnage of war, along with his journalism background, allows Bierce to describe pain in a way the reader can virtually see and feel what Farquhar is going through. Bierce gives the reader a vivid vision of

Discipline and Corporal Punishment Free Essays

Corporal punishment by definition is the deliberate infliction of physical pain as a system of changing behaviour. Corporal punishment may consist of methods such as shaking, pinching, kicking, punching, slapping, hitting, painful body posture, or use of different objects such as sticks, belts and paddles (National Association of School Nurses, 2002, p. 1). We will write a custom essay sample on Discipline and Corporal Punishment or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the past, corporal punishment was a technique of disciplining youth and children in the school setting. At present, several States in America have enacted legislation banning corporal punishment in schools. On the other hand corporal punishment has been an accepted mode of reprimand that several parents choose to integrate into their lives without giving a careful consideration. The mode of punishment can commence at any time but is generally initiated within the start of the child’s grade school (Mathews, 2006, p. 1). The physical inflictions can be tolerated all the way until the teenager grows old enough to leave or be independent. This type of correction is purely torture, which has been employed for centuries and is still a frightening and disturbing incidence in several families today. Dr. Murray Straus of the University of New Hampshire Family Research Laboratory revealed that corporal punishment: when regularly imposed to children it increases their antisocial behaviour such as bullying, cheating, stealing, lying, assaulting peers or sibling, and lack of repentance for erroneous doings (The Center for Effective Discipline, n. d. ); provides as a model for violent behaviour and for improper ways of dealing with disagreement among the punished children; erodes trust between a child and parent; and badly influences cognitive development of the child. Corporal punishment is not desirable for the reason that it increases the risk of child abuse and adults who were frequently hit during their childhood are likely to experience depression and other unconstructive mental health and social effects. This form of punishment can have a negative effect on the affected children as it relates to their physical and mental growth and health, as they are at a period of fragile mental capacity. Finally, corporal punishment is not desirable because children are entitled to security, care and good rearing from their parents and teachers. Adults should understand the significance of recognizing corrective discipline instead of outright imposition of corporal punishment in disciplining children. Because children’s ability to control their own behaviour is limited, corrective discipline is an important characteristic of adequate parenting for the reason that it generates the best preventive steps, which is reducing the occurrence of misconduct, and not eliminating it (Straus, Fauchier, 2007, p. 5). Corrective discipline incorporates positive in addition to disciplinary behaviours, and combinations of the two. Conclusion Corporal punishment has a strong possibility to influence the child’s self-image and contribute to violent and disruptive behaviours. However, the practice remains a commonly used method of discipline in most American families and is still legal in educational institutions in several States in America. The progress of social skills after the infliction of corporal punishment may be severely changed, leading to belligerent behaviours. The imposition of corporal punishment also advances the message that cruelty is an acceptable form of behaviour in the society. Clearly, corporal punishment is not desirable and effective in enforcing discipline among children. How to cite Discipline and Corporal Punishment, Papers

Counselling for Grief and Loss for Condition- myassignmenthelp

Question: Dsicuss about theCounselling for Grief and Loss for Condition. Answer: Grief is a multifaceted and intense emotional response to loss which leads to indefinite period of bereavement and suffering for people. The circumstances of loss may be different for different person. Some examples of losses includes death of a loved one, divorce, deteriorating health or physical condition, changes in social position or self respect or certain accidents in life (Hall 2014). Continuous period of bereavement has a negative impact on people evident by physical signs, emotional symptoms, social changes and unusual thought pattern of people. The perception about losses has a great impact on patient and they go through many traumatic experiences during the grieving process. Bereavement in the elderly is a major concern because their suffering is more pronounced because of significant decline in cognitive function, sudden loss of support and serious risk to quality of life (Hashim et al. 2013). The main purpose of this essay is to critically explore grief and loss experien ce for older adults and reflect on the experience based on two contemporary theories. It also provides a discussion regarding the benefits of the theories and its practical application in the counseling process for older people with bereavement. My personal experience related to a period of grief and loss in my life occurred when I witnessed my grandmothers death in front of me. I was closely attached to my grandmother and spent a lot of time with her. However, in her last stage of life, she was diagnosed with cancer. I directly witnessed how her health deteriorated day by day and she became dependent on life support system for every single breath. One day she died in front of me when I saw her breathing stopped all of a sudden. This close experience of witnessing death of my closed one shattered me completely. I could not come out from grief for a long time. I lost interest in my work activities and spend most of the time crying and remembering the sufferings of my grandmother. I yearned to see her again and had the guilt that I could do enough to save her. Eventually, it took physical and emotional toll on my health too as I tried to keep to myself and stopped interacting in social spaces. Normally, in complex grieving pro cess, the support from counseling only helps people to rebuild their life. However, for me, my mother proved to be pillar of support and she helped me to cope with the loss and accept the reality of death. The support from my family members helped in my recovery because my grief was not so complicated that it required specialized support. The feeling of loss and grief symptoms was for a temporary period unlike complicated grief which persists for a longer period of time. The above experience is my personal experience of loss, however it does not provides any insight into the grieving process and challenges for older adults going through bereavement. However, focusing on the bereavement process in older Australians is important because they are most vulnerable to negative health outcome due to the loss of their loves one (Parkes and Prigerson 2013). The experience of grief is intense and the most common reaction to grief in all age groups mostly include feelings of despair, yearning, shock, intense sadness, guilt and anger. The common physical responses of grief include change in appetite, difficulty in sleeping, illness, crying, muscle tensions and suicidal thoughts in severe cases (Papa, Lancaster and Kahler 2014). Older people show different response to bereavement due to diverse experience of loss. For older people, bereavement is a frequent experience as they endure loss of spouse, family members or close friends. The impact of loss is huge parti cularly for older women as death of close family members result in reduction of social support networks (Ingham et al. 2017). Hence, death of closed ones becomes a major life stressor for them as they also have to cope with losses associated with old age such as poor health and poor capacity to self care. For older people, loss of loved ones results in sudden withdrawal of care and support for them. This is because often the person who dies is long term partner and source of care giving for them. This type of loss is mainly defined as loss due to death of a spouse. All of a sudden, the lose independence and support to manage home and negotiate daily livings. Fear of living alone and losing independence overwhelms them and poor health and depression becomes common in such older adults (Naef et al. 2013). Bratt, Stenstrz and Rennemark (2017) identified three common bereavement patterns in older people such as short term disruption in functioning caused by illness, depression and cognitive decline, chronic disruptions and relative absence of grief reactions. Hence, it can be said that the severity of loss is dependent on nature of relationship with the person who had died and significance of the loss in terms of practical, social, financial and emotional needs. As spouse is the one who i s responsible to support their partner in all dimensions of life, hence impact of loss is huge in such cases. One study has showed spousal loss plays a major role in the development of depressive symptoms in the elderly. The loss of spouse changes the quality and quantity of social integration in elderly which is a major factor contributing to elevated depressive symptoms. Often the level of severity is such that immediate psychosocial support and early detection of complicated grief is necessary to identify appropriate treatment option for older people (Sikorski et al. 2014). Hence, for counselors, inquiring the bereaved elderly adult about the meaning of loss for them, impact of social and practical life needs, current help or support needed is critical to identify the severity of depressive symptoms and take adequate action. Older people mostly seek bereavement support from their physician to cope with losses, however specialized grief specific service are like cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy are the effective treatment option to treat elderly people with bereavement (Ghe squiere, Shear and Duan 2013). As elderly people lose the capability to self care after the loss of their loved ones, there is a need to promote independence and self care in them following bereavement to help them recover from the grieving process. Other forms of losses experienced by older Australian might be loss of family members due to murder, mismanagement by health care personnel or by car accident. The bereaved circumstances of an individual differs due to unsupportive family, lack of care from family members, loss of independence, lack of social and other supports and low socio-economic status A study revealed that people with low income and low education level fail to access appropriate support following loss of loved ones (Cacciatore, Killian and Harper 2016). In all types of losses, the main grief characteristic is yearning and longing for the person, frequent thought of the person and low interest in routine life activities. Older adults mostly experience acute form of grief where the bereaved person regains interest and pleasure in everyday activities after some time. However, about 7% of the bereaved adults experience complicated grief, a mental health condition resulting from prolonged acute grief (Shear, Ghesqui ere and Glickman 2013). The main criteria that differentiate complicated grief from normal grief include severity and duration of symptoms, delayed onset of reactions and level of dysfunction. Negative physical and mental health consequences increase in older people due to complicated grief reactions (Shear, Ghesquiere and Glickman 2013. Hence, counseling is most important in treatment of complicated grief reaction of people. The whole process of grief and differential response to losses in different circumstance of older adults can also be analyzed according to two contemporary theories of grief. The first theory is the Stroebe Schuts Dual process of coping with bereavement and it mainly integrates cognitive stress theory with attachment theory. The main assumption of this theory is that coping style of bereaved individual differs on the style of attachment, however brief complications contribute to insecure attachment styles (Stroebe and Schut 2015). Hence, the dual process model explains the shift in two complimentary sets of processes such as the loss orientation and restoration orientation of people. In case of personal experience with grief as well as different types of grief experiences by older adults, experience of loneliness and social isolation following death of loved ones is an example of insecure attachment styles (Fried et al. 2015). People experience loneliness due to complicated grief re actions such as yearning for the person, extreme depression and inability to trust others. The feelings of loss consequently develop into loneliness and loneliness is the main contributing factor for depression in such individuals too (van Beljouw et al. 2014). Hence, in case of issues of loneliness during the bereavement process, counselors can focus on addressing the restoration orientation of people. This will promote changing identity of people and helping older to people to master certain skills that will help them to cope with the grieving process. The application of Stroebe Schuts Dual process theory is considered in the counseling process of bereaved older adults because it mainly represents grief and discusses the regulatory coping process of oscillation between loss orientation and restoration orientation to promote healing and adaptive coping in people. The dual process model mainly proposes adaptive coping by the confrontation and acceptance of loss and changing perspective related to death of affected person. The main advantage of applying dual process in counseling for older adults with bereavement is that by embracing the idea of confronting the situation, the older people can accept the reality of death and they are able to live their lives with desired stability (Carr 2010). Hence, for counselors, the challenges in treating older people experience grief can be minimized. This is because dual process models help the client to take control over the situation and prepare them to cope with post loss life events. Counselors engaging in treating older patient with grief experience can apply dual process model to understand the intent and motivation of the person to adjust with losses. Based on this identification, adequate coping process and skills can be developed in older adults to strengthen their self-care skills and reduces feelings of grief. The only constraint and barrier in applying the dual process model in counseling is that many questions related to the model still remains unanswered. For example, family dynamics has a major impact on the personal grief person however the model does not provided adequate guideline to differentiate individual and family approaches in the coping process (Stroebe and Schut 2015). Hence, future research is still needed on the dual process model by extending the family approach. Appropriate guideline will help to determine whether individual or family level approach is needed to develop coping skills in older adults (Stroebe and Schut 2010). Another contemporary theory that can be considered to address bereavement and griefing related issues in older adults includes the Rubins Two Track Model of bereavement. The Two Track Model of bereavement of incorporates biopsychosocial functioning and the nature of the relationship to the deceased. This is recent model unlike the dual process model and focuses on assessment and intervention for clients according to their needs. Use of this model can facilitate understanding bereavement through the dimension of biopsychosocial functioning in people and understanding the relationship to the deceased. The counselors looking to treat older adults with bereavement can assess biopsychosocial functioning in older adults by analyzing symptom of stress, trauma and change in life pattern after the family members death. The second dimension of the Two Track Model can guide the counselors to know about relational bonds of client with the deceased person (Rubin and Shechory-Stahl 2013). The Two Track Model of Bereavement has also been studied to understand life functioning and relationship to partner and spouse. Older adults are most vulnerable to negative physical and mental health outcomes due to loss of spouse (Bar-Nadav and Rubin 2016). Hence, Two Track Model can be a guide to assess level of functioning before and after the death of spouse. According to Bruinsma et al. (2015), the main risk factors for complicated grief in older adults include cumulative losses, being the primary care giver, mistreatment in society, poverty and homelessness and physical decline in health and terminal illness. Due to the consequences of ageing and accumulation of years of living, accumulated loss and vulnerability increase in older adults. Hence, older people are most vulnerable to emotional and psychological distress after the death of the closed member. This kind of risk and vulnerability of older people to bereavement can be identified by the Two Track Model. Another advantage of using this model for bereavement counseling is counselors can use this as a guide to develop questionnaire for clients during the counseling session. This can give useful idea about the complications of grief in older adults. Study on bereavement experience in older people has mainly revealed experience of negative health effects, loneliness, changed identity and continuing bonds with deceased person. Continuing bond is related to presence on on-going inner relationship with the deceased person. They have dream of the dead spouse or find comfort in memories to stay close to the deceased person (Supiano and Luptak 2013). The application of Two Track Model of Bereavement is also seen in research studies to assess continuing bonds of bereaved parents. The study done with parents who lost their sons in war has revealed that relationship to deceased child continues for all parents, however the bereavement outcome in people is affected by the manner in which the deceased person is recollected (Rubin and Shechory-Stahl 2013). Hence, the main advantage of Two Track Model of Bereavement is that it has addressed the shortcomings in other grief models and balanced the excess of different approach. The understanding of relationship with deceased person and manner of reminiscing can promote critical understanding of the bereavement process and adjusting lifestyle and coping style of older adults. Hence, this model can facilitate bereavement risk assessment process and help counselor to identify the appropriate cognitive or psychological intervention needed to address grief in older adults. The essay summarized the different types of grief experience and challenges faced by older adults due to loss of close family members. The rational for special focus on identifying bereavement experience of older adult is that consequences of ageing and dependence on others for self-care increase their vulnerability to depression, loneliness and poor physical health in older adults. The importance of counseling intervention in older people bereavement is realized when complicated grief process is present in older adults for longer period of time. The essay compared and critically analyzed the dual process theory and the Two Track Model to identify how application of this theory can support understanding of the bereavement process and determining healthy or negative continuing relationship with deceased individual. The advantage of Two Track model has been proved to change the manner of continuing bond with deceased person and engaging in healthy living by developing positive percepti on about death of the person. This can facilitate better acceptance of death and brining stability in life. Reference Bar-Nadav, O. and Rubin, S.S., 2016. Love and Bereavement: Life Functioning and Relationship to Partner and Spouse in Bereaved and Nonbereaved Young Women.OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying,74(1), pp.62-79. Bratt, A.S., Stenstrm, U. and Rennemark, M., 2017. Effects on life satisfaction of older adults after child and spouse bereavement.Aging mental health,21(6), pp.602-608. Bruinsma, S. M., Tiemeier, H. W., Heemst, J. V. V., van der Heide, A., and Rietjens, J. A. 2015. Risk factors for complicated grief in older adults.Journal of palliative medicine,18(5), 438-446. Cacciatore, J., Killian, M. and Harper, M., 2016. Adverse outcomes in bereaved mothers: the importance of household income and education.SSM-Population Health,2, pp.117-122. Carr, D., 2010. New perspectives on the dual process model (DPM): What have we learned? What questions remain?.OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying,61(4), pp.371-380. Fried, E.I., Bockting, C., Arjadi, R., Borsboom, D., Amshoff, M., Cramer, A.O., Epskamp, S., Tuerlinckx, F., Carr, D. and Stroebe, M., 2015. From loss to loneliness: The relationship between bereavement and depressive symptoms.Journal of abnormal psychology,124(2), p.256. Ghesquiere, A., Shear, M.K. and Duan, N., 2013. Outcomes of bereavement care among widowed older adults with complicated grief and depression.Journal of primary care community health,4(4), pp.256-264. Hall, C., 2014. Bereavement theory: recent developments in our understanding of grief and bereavement.Bereavement Care,33(1), pp.7-12. Hashim, S.M., Eng, T.C., Tohit, N. and Wahab, S., 2013. Bereavement in the elderly: the role of primary care.Mental health in family medicine,10(3), p.159. Ingham, C.F., Eccles, F.J., Armitage, J.R. and Murray, C.D., 2017. Same-sex partner bereavement in older women: an interpretative phenomenological analysis.Aging mental health,21(9), pp.917-925. Naef, R., Ward, R., Mahrer-Imhof, R. and Grande, G., 2013. Characteristics of the bereavement experience of older persons after spousal loss: An integrative review.International Journal of Nursing Studies,50(8), pp.1108-1121. Papa, A., Lancaster, N.G. and Kahler, J., 2014. Commonalities in grief responding across bereavement and non-bereavement losses.Journal of affective disorders,161, pp.136-143. Parkes, C.M. and Prigerson, H.G., 2013.Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life. Routledge. Rubin, S.S. and Shechory-Stahl, M., 2013. The continuing bonds of bereaved parents: A ten-year follow-up study with the two-track model of bereavement.OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying,66(4), pp.365-384. Shear, M.K., Ghesquiere, A. and Glickman, K., 2013. Bereavement and complicated grief.Current psychiatry reports,15(11), p.406. Sikorski, C., Luppa, M., Heser, K., Ernst, A., Lange, C., Werle, J., Bickel, H., Msch, E., Wiese, B., Prokein, J. and Fuchs, A., 2014. The role of spousal loss in the development of depressive symptoms in the elderlyimplications for diagnostic systems.Journal of affective disorders,161, pp.97-103. Stroebe, M. and Schut, H., 2010. The dual process model of coping with bereavement: A decade on.OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying,61(4), pp.273-289. Stroebe, M., and Schut, H. 2015. Family matters in bereavement: Toward an integrative intra-interpersonal coping model.Perspectives on Psychological Science,10(6), 873-879. Supiano, K.P. and Luptak, M., 2013. Complicated grief in older adults: A randomized controlled trial of complicated grief group therapy.The Gerontologist,54(5), pp.840-856. van Beljouw, I.M., van Exel, E., de Jong Gierveld, J., Comijs, H.C., Heerings, M., Stek, M.L. and van Marwijk, H.W., 2014. Being all alone makes me sad: loneliness in older adults with depressive symptoms.International psychogeriatrics,26(9), pp.1541-1551.

College Management System free essay sample

Computerized college management system is developed to facilitate the general administration system to manage the various information of student and employees involved in college. So, that college can access accurate information quickly and easily as and when required, thereby improving its operational efficiency and effectiveness. 1. 1Problem Statement In case of manual system they need a lot of time, manpower etc. Here almost all work is computerized. So the accuracy is maintained. College Management System mainly deals with Employee Profile, Payroll Management and Fee collection which can be managed by the Admin. 1. 2 Objectives †¢ Create employee details, achievements and workshop they have conducted †¢ Calculate the employee salary in payroll management †¢ Store the fee details of students and view CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2. 1 Introduction Today in colleges student details are entered manually. The student details in separate records are tedious task. Referring to all these records and updating is needed. There is a chance for more manual errors. By developing the system we can attain the following facilities. ? Easy to handle and feasible. ? Cost reduction. ? Fast and convenient. 2. 2 Existing system In early days College management system used to manages all the details manually. Which is difficult in conventional management system which maintains the records manually, which slows the operation of storing, retrieving of records from the files, also led to drawbacks like data redundancy and inconsistency. Limitation In early days College management system used to manages all the details manually. 2. 3 Proposed system To overcome the drawbacks faced in conventional systems we are moving towards modern approach in which we automate these processes, for efficient management of organization. By building customized application software, computerized maintenance of these details by the use of this application will provide ease-of-use, efficient store/access to data and prevents data redundancy. In our application we have computerized all the manual system. In this application admin will enter the details of employee and also enter the salary details. Admin enter the details student fee details. CHAPTER 3 REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION AND ANALYSIS 3. 1 Software Requirement Specification Introduction A Software Requirements Specification (SRS) is a complete description of the behavior of the system that is to be developed. Use Case technique can be used in order to find functional requirements of the software product. Functional requirements are statements of services the system should provide, how the system should react to particular inputs and how the system should behave in particular situations. The functional requirements also explicitly state what the system should not do. SRS also includes Non-functional (or supplementary) requirements. Non-functional requirements are constraints on the services or functions offered by the system. As system grew more complex, it becomes evident that the goal of the entire system cannot be easily comprehended. Hence the need for the requirement phase arose. ROLE PURPOSE of SRS This SRS describes the software functional non functional requirements. This document is intended to use by the members of the project team that will implement and verify the correct functioning of the system. Unless otherwise noted, all requirements specified here are high priorities and committed. A complete understanding of software requirements is essential to the success of a software development effort. No matter how well designed or well coded. A poorly analyzed and specified program will disappoint the client. Software Requirements Specification (SRS) specifies the general factors like the external interfaces, evolution or growth path of the system, functional requirements, user characteristics and the assumptions, dependencies and risks associated with the system. 3. Requirement Specification 1. Functional Requirements ? Admin will create all employee details with their photos ? List all the details of employee ? Store and Display the workshops conducted by the employee ? Calculate the employee salary and display ? Store and display the fee details of students 3. 2. 2 Non-Functional Requirements †¢ Availability System must be available for the working hours. †¢ Price C ost is less. †¢ Usability – It should be friendly to use and access different pages. User interface should be good. †¢ Scalability- It should support at least 5000 users. Performance- It should be tested and maintained properly. †¢ Reliability- Software reliability brings up the concept of modularity. A package with a high degree of modularity has the capacity to operate in many machine configurations and perhaps across manufacture product lines. 3. 3 Hardware and Software Requirements Software Requirements †¢ Front End: ASP †¢ IDE:Visual studio 2005 †¢ Language:C# †¢ Back End: MS Access †¢ Operating System: Windows XP Hardware Requirements †¢ PROCESSOR : Pentium – IV †¢ RAM : 512MB †¢ HDD:20GB CHAPTER 4 SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS 4. 1 System design Design is an important step in the development of large scale system. Design provides us with a blue print to develop a system. Once the software requirements have been analyzed and specified the software design can be expressed using notations such as DFDs, UML notations to describe the proposed solution to the problem . These Notations allows us to understand complex system clearly and serves as blue print for the proposed system. The design activities are of main importance because this activity ultimately affecting the sources of the software implementation and its ease of maintenance are made . hese deceptions have the bearing upon reliability and maintainability of the system. Proper design is the only way to accurately translate the customer’s requirements into finished software or a system. Software design generally involve two steps 1. Preliminary Design 2. Detail Design The preliminary design is used to translate the problem specifications into a graphical system rep resentation. The Detailed design is concerned with breaking the whole solution into number of modules. This process of division of system into many sub modules reduces the complexity of problem solving. . 2 Modules and Description College Management System mainly deals with Employee Profile, Payroll Management and Fee collection which can be managed by the Admin. 4. 2. 1 Modules: 1. Employee Profile 2. Payroll Management 3. Fee collection 2. Description: 1. Employee Profile Admin will enter the details of employee profile. Employee Profile contains the all details of employee with their profile photo, it is also contains the achievements of employee and workshops they have conducted. Admin also search the details of employee. 2. Payroll Management Payroll Management calculates employee salary. 3. Fee collection Fee collection tracks all the fee details of a student from the day one to the end of his course. 4. 3 Usecase Modeling Use Case Diagrams represents the functionality of the system from a user’s point view. They define the boundaries of the system. [pic] Fig 4. 3. 1 4. 4 Sequence Diagram The sequence diagram represents the system’s behavior in terms of interactions among a set of objects. They are used to identify the objectives in the application and implementation domain. Fig 4. 4. 1 [pic] 4. 5 Activity Diagram Activity diagram is another important diagram in UML to describe dynamic aspects of the system. It is basically a flow chart to represent the flow form one activity to another activity. The activity can be described as an operation of the system. So the control flow is drawn from one operation to another. This flow can be sequential, branched or concurrent. Activity diagrams deals with all type of flow control by using different elements like fork, join etc. Purpose: The basic purposes of activity diagrams are similar to other four diagrams. It captures the dynamic behavior of the system. Other four diagrams are used to show the message flow from one object to another but activity diagram is used to show message flow from one activity to another. Activity is a particular operation of the system. Activity diagrams are not only used for visualizing dynamic nature of a system but they are also used to construct the executable system by using forward and reverse engineering techniques. The only missing thing in activity diagram is the message part. It does not show any message flow from one activity to another. Activity diagram is some time considered as the flow chart. Although the diagrams looks like a flow chart but it is not. It shows different flow like parallel, branched, concurrent and single. †¢ Draw the activity flow of a system. †¢ Describe the sequence from one activity to another. †¢ Describe the parallel, branched and concurrent flow of the system. [pic] Fig 4. 5. 1 4. 6 Data flow diagram Designing with the Data Flow Diagrams involves creating a model of the system. The entities and attributes are a model, of the states of the system. Processes model the rules of a System. The stimuli and response are modeled by Data Flows. All of these models are combined into one graphic model called a Data Flow Diagram. DFD’s have a notation for each of the components of the system. They also have a notation for representing different levels in a hierarchy of detailed used to describe the system. This notation makes it possible to represent an overall view of a large complex system and a detailed view of a part of a system using the same notation. Parts of the system can be isolated into independent sub-system. [pic] Fig 4. 6. 1 CHAPTER 5 IMPLEMENTATION 5. 1 Software tools used 5. 1. 1 ASP What is ASP? ASP stands for Active Server Pages. Microsoft introduced Active Server Pages inDecember 1996, beginning with Version 3. 0. Microsoft officially defines ASP as:â€Å"Active Server Pages is an open, compile-free application environment in which you can combine HTML, scripts, and reusable ActiveX server components to create dynamic and powerful Web-based business solutions. Active Server pages enables server side scripting for IIS with native support for both VBScript and Jscript. † In other words, ASP is a Microsoft technology that enables you to create dynamic web sites with the help of server side script, such as VBScript and Jscript. ASP technology is supported on all Microsoft Web servers that are freely available. What is an ASP file? An ASP file is quite like an HTML file. It contains text, HTML tags and scripts, which are executed on the server. The two widely used scripting languages for an ASP page are VBScript and JScript. VBScript is pretty much like Visual Basic, whereas Jscript is the Microsoft’s version of JavaScript. However, VBScript is the default scripting language for ASP (3). Besides these two scripting languages, you can use other scripting language with ASP as long as you have an ActiveX scripting engine for the language installed, such as PerlScript. The difference between an HTML file and an ASP file is that an ASP file has the â€Å". asp† extension. Furthermore, script delimiters for HTML tags and ASP code are also different. A script delimiter is a character that marks the starting and ending of a unit. HTML tags begins with lesser than () brackets, whereas ASP script typically starts with . In between the delimiters are the server-side scripts. ASP includes five build-in objects:  · Request – to get information from the user that is passed along with an HTTP request  · Response – to output data to the requesting client Server – to control the Internet Information Server  · Session – to store variables associated with a given user session  · Application – to store information that remain active for the lifetime of an application, such as a page counter. What are its advantages? 1. Dynamic web page – Since ASP supports scripting languages, which run on the web server, yo ur web page can be dynamically created. For example, you can create your web page so as to greeting each user when they log into your page differently. 2. Browser independent – ASP is browser independent because all the scripting code runs on the server. The browser only gets the results from the server in a standard HTML page. 3. Database Access – One of the greatest assets of ASP is database connectivity. ASP enables you to easily build rich database functionality into your web site, such as form processing. 4. Building-in objects – The five built-in objects that come with ASP facilitate Web application development. For example, you can use Request object to retrieve browser request information. 5. Free availability – Yes, it’s free. You can download web server (IIS or PWS) for free from Microsoft’s web site. You don’t even have to have any special tool to write an ASP file. In other words, you can simply use any text editor, like NotePad. 5. 1. 2 C# Language C# programs run on the . NET Framework, an integral component of Windows that includes a virtual execution system called the common language runtime (CLR) and a unified set of class libraries. The CLR is Microsofts commercial implementation of the common language infrastructure (CLI), an international standard that is the basis for creating execution and development environments in which languages and libraries work together seamlessly. Source code written in C# is compiled into an intermediate language (IL) that conforms to the CLI specification. The IL code, along with resources such as bitmaps and strings, is stored on disk in an executable file called an assembly, typically with an extension of . exe or . dll. An assembly contains a manifest that provides information on the assemblys types, version, culture, and security requirements. When the C# program is executed, the assembly is loaded into the CLR, which might take various actions based on the information in the manifest. Then, if the security requirements are met, the CLR performs just in time (JIT) compilation to convert the IL code into native machine instructions. The CLR also provides other services related to automatic garbage collection, exception handling, and resource management. Code that is executed by the CLR is sometimes referred to as managed code, in contrast to unmanaged code which is compiled into native machine language that targets a specific system. The following diagram illustrates the compile-time and run time relationships of C# source code files, the base class libraries, assemblies, and the CLR. pic] Language interoperability is a key feature of the . NET Framework. Because the IL code produced by the C# compiler conforms to the Common Type Specification (CTS), IL code generated from C# can interact with code that was generated from the . NET versions of Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J#, or any of more than 20 other CTS-compliant languages. A single assembly may contain mul tiple modules written in different . NET languages, and the types can reference each other just as if they were written in the same language. In addition to the run time services, the . NET Framework also includes an extensive library of over 4000 classes organized into namespaces that provide a wide variety of useful functionality for everything from file input and output to string manipulation to XML parsing, to Windows Forms controls. The typical C# application uses the . NET Framework class library extensively to handle common plumbing chores. 5. 1. 3 MS Access Microsoft Office Access, previously known as Microsoft Access, is a database management system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software-development tools. MS Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and databases. Software developers and data architects can use Microsoft Access to develop application software, and power users can use it to build software applications. Like other Office applications, Access is supported by Visual Basic for Applications, an object-oriented programming language that can reference a variety of objects including DAO (Data Access Objects), ActiveX Data Objects, and many other ActiveX components. Visual objects used in forms and reports expose their methods and properties in the VBA programming environment, and VBA code modules may declare and call Windows operating-system functions. USES: ? In addition to using its own database storage file, Microsoft Access may also be used as the front-end with other products as the back-end tables, such as Microsoft SQL Server ? Access tables support a variety of standard field types, indices, and referential integrity. Access also includes a query interface, forms to display and enter data, and reports for printing. The number of simultaneous users that can be supported depends on the amount of data, the tasks being performed, level of use, and application design. FEATURES ? Users can create tables, queries, forms and reports, and connect them together with macros. ? The original concept of Access was for end users to be able to access data from any source. ? Microsoft Access offers parameterized queries. These queries and Access tables can be referenced from other programs like VB6 and . NET through DAO or ADO. From Microsoft Access, VBA can reference parameterized stored procedures via ADO. . 1. 4 Microsoft Visual Studio IDE Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It is used to develop console and graphical user interface applications along with Windows Forms applications, web sites, web applications, and web services in both native code together with managed code for all platforms supported by Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, Windows CE, . NET Framework, . NET Compact Framework and Microsoft Silverlight. Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense as well as code refactoring. The integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger. Other built-in tools include a forms designer for building GUI applications, web designer, class designer, and database schema designer. It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at almost every level—including adding support for source-control systems (like Subversion and Visual SourceSafe) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-specific languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software development lifecycle (like the Team Foundation Server client: Team Explorer). It provides a way to check the functionality of components, sub assemblies, assemblies and /or a finished product. It is a process of exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the software system needs its requirements and user expectations and doesn’t fall in an unacceptable manner. 6. 2 Functional Testing Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are available as specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and user manuals. †¢ Functional testing is centered on the following items: †¢ Valid messages: Identified classes of valid messages must be accepted. Invalid messages: Identified classes of invalid messages must be rejected. †¢ Functions: Identified functions must be exercised. †¢ Output: Identified classes of application outputs must be exercised. †¢ Systems/Procedures: Interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked. 6. 3 Unit Testing In computer programming, unit testing is a method by which individual units of source code, sets of one or more computer program modules together with associated control data, usage procedures, and operating procedures, are tested to determine if they are fit for use. Intuitively, one can view a unit as the smallest testable part of an application. The goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the program and show that the individual parts are correct. 6. 4 Integration Testing Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface defects. Integration testing (sometimes called Integration and Testing, abbreviated IT) is the phase in software testing in which individual software modules are combined and tested as a group. It occurs after unit testing and before validation testing. Integration testing takes as its input modules that have been unit tested, groups them in larger aggregates, applies tests defined in an integration test plan to those aggregates, and delivers as its output the integrated system ready for system testing. 6. 5 System Testing 6. 5. 1 Verification Verification is intended to check that a product, service, or system meets a set of initial design requirements, specifications, and regulations. In the development phase, verification procedures involve performing special tests to model or simulate a portion, or the entirety, of a product, service or system, then performing a review or analysis of the modeling results. In the post-development phase, verification procedures involve regularly repeating tests devised specifically to ensure that the product, service, or system continues to meet the initial design requirements, specifications, and regulations as time progresses. citation needed] It is a process that is used to evaluate whether a product, service, or system complies with regulations, specifications, or conditions imposed at the start of a development phase. Verification can be in development, scale-up, or production. This is often an internal process. 6. 5. 2 Validation Validation is intended to check that development and verification procedures for a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof) result in a product, service, or system (or portio n thereof, or set thereof) that meets initial requirements, specifications, and regulations. For a new development flow or verification flow, validation procedures may involve modeling either flow and using simulations to predict faults or gaps that might lead to invalid or incomplete verification or development of a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof). A set of validation requirements, specifications, and regulations may then be used as a basis for qualifying a development flow or verification flow for a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof). Additional validation procedures also include those that are designed specifically to ensure that modifications made to an existing qualified development flow or verification flow will have the effect of producing a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof) that meets the initial design requirements, specifications, and regulations; these validations help to keep the flow qualified. [citation needed] It is a process of establishing evidence that provides a high degree of assurance that a product, service, or system accomplishes its intended requirements. . 5. 3 White-Box Testing White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing, and structural testing) is a method of testing software that tests internal structures or workings of an application, as opposed to its functionality (i. e. black-box testing). In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test c ases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the appropriate outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit.